198 lines
3.9 KiB
Markdown
198 lines
3.9 KiB
Markdown
# Linux File and Directory management
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## 1. File System Hierarchy:
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Linux follows a hierarchical file system structure, starting with the root directory (/). Key directories include:
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- /home: User home directories
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- /etc: System configuration files
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- /var: Variable data (logs, temporary files)
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- /usr: User binaries and program files
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- /bin: Essential command binaries
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- /sbin: System binaries
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- /tmp: Temporary files
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## 2. Basic Commands:
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### - Listing files and directories:
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```
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ls [options] [directory]
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```
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Common options:
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- -l: Long format
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- -a: Show hidden files
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- -h: Human-readable file sizes
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### - Changing directories:
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```
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cd [directory]
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```
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- cd ..: Move up one directory
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- cd ~: Go to home directory
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- cd /: Go to root directory
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### - Creating directories:
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```
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mkdir [options] directory_name
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```
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Common options:
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- mkdir -p: Create parent directories if they don't exist
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### - Removing directories:
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```
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rmdir [options] directory_name
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```
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Common options:
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- rm -r directory_name: Remove non-empty directories
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### - Creating files:
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```
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touch file_name
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```
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### - Copying files and directories:
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```
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cp [options] source destination
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```
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Common options:
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- cp -r: Copy directories recursively
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### - Moving/renaming files and directories:
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```
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mv source destination
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```
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### - Removing files:
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```
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rm [options] file_name
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```
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Common options:
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- rm -f: Force removal without prompting
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## 3. File Permissions:
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Linux uses a permission system with read (r), write (w), and execute (x) permissions for owner, group, and others.
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### Viewing permissions:
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```
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ls -l
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```
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### Changing permissions:
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```
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chmod [options] mode file
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```
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Example: chmod 755 file_name
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### Changing ownership:
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```
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chown [options] user:group file
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```
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## 4. File Manipulation:
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### Viewing file contents:
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```
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cat file_name #Print entire file at once
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less file_name #View file in a pager format
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more file_name #View file in a pager format
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head file_name #View top 10 lines (default) of a file
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tail file_name #View last 10 lines (default) of a file
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```
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### Searching file contents:
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```
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grep [options] pattern file
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```
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Common options:
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- -i: Insensitive Case Search
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- -R: search recursively in parent Directory, as well as all child directories.
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### Comparing files:
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```
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diff file1 file2
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```
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## 5. Advanced File Management:
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### Finding files:
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```
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find [path] [expression]
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```
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Example: find /home -name "*.txt"
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### Disk usage:
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```
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du [options] [directory]
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```
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Common options:
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- -h: Print disk usage in human-readable format
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- -s: Summarize disk usage information
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### File compression and archiving:
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```
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tar [options] archive_name files
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gzip file_name
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gunzip file_name.gz
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```
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### Symbolic links:
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```
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ln -s target_file link_name
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```
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## 6. Text Editors:
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- nano: Simple and user-friendly
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- vim: Advanced and powerful
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- emacs: Extensible and feature-rich
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## 7. File System Management:
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### Mounting file systems:
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```
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mount [options] device directory
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```
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### Unmounting file systems:
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```
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umount [options] directory
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```
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### Checking disk space:
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```
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df [options]
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```
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- df -h: Human-readable output
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## 8. File System Maintenance:
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### Checking and repairing file systems:
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```
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fsck [options] device
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```
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### Creating file systems:
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```
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mkfs [options] device
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```
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## 9. Access Control Lists (ACLs):
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### For more fine-grained permission control:
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```
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getfacl file
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setfacl -m u:user:rwx file
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```
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## 10. Inode Information:
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### View detailed file information:
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```
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stat file_name
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```
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- [(1) How to Perform File and Directory Management (Part 3) - Tecmint.](https://www.tecmint.com/file-and-directory-management-in-linux/.)
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- [(2) How to Manage Files from the Linux Terminal: 11 Commands ... - How-To Geek.](https://www.howtogeek.com/107808/how-to-manage-files-from-the-linux-terminal-11-commands-you-need-to-know/.)
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- [(3) Linux File Management Series for Beginners - Linux Shell Tips.](https://www.ubuntumint.com/linux-file-management/.)
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- [(4) Linux Commands Cheat Sheet {with Free Downloadable PDF} - phoenixNAP.](https://phoenixnap.com/kb/linux-commands-cheat-sheet.)
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