183 lines
4.5 KiB
Markdown
183 lines
4.5 KiB
Markdown
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# Basic Linux Commands
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## 1. Navigation and File Management:
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### a) pwd (Print Working Directory)
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- Shows the current directory path
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- Usage: pwd
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### b) ls (List)
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- Lists files and directories in the current directory
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- Common options:
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-l: Long format with details
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-a: Show hidden files
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-h: Human-readable file sizes
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- Usage: ls [options] [directory]
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### c) cd (Change Directory)
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- Changes the current directory
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- Usage:
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cd [directory]
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cd .. (move up one directory)
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cd ~ (go to home directory)
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### d) mkdir (Make Directory)
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- Creates a new directory
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- Usage: mkdir [directory_name]
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### e) rmdir (Remove Directory)
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- Removes an empty directory
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- Usage: rmdir [directory_name]
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### f) touch
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- Creates an empty file or updates timestamps
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- Usage: touch [filename]
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### g) cp (Copy)
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- Copies files or directories
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- Usage: cp [source] [destination]
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- Options:
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-r: Recursive (for directories)
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### h) mv (Move)
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- Moves or renames files and directories
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- Usage: mv [source] [destination]
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### i) rm (Remove)
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- Deletes files or directories
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- Usage: rm [options] [file/directory]
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- Options:
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-r: Recursive (for directories)
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-f: Force deletion without prompting
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## 2. File Viewing and Editing:
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### a) cat (Concatenate)
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- Displays file contents
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- Usage: cat [filename]
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### b) less
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- Views file contents page by page
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- Usage: less [filename]
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### c) head
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- Displays the first few lines of a file
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- Usage: head [options] [filename]
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- Options:
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-n [number]: Specify number of lines
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### d) tail
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- Displays the last few lines of a file
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- Usage: tail [options] [filename]
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- Options:
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-n [number]: Specify number of lines
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-f: Follow file updates in real-time
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### e) nano
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- Simple text editor
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- Usage: nano [filename]
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## 3. File Permissions and Ownership:
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### a) chmod (Change Mode)
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- Modifies file permissions
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- Usage: chmod [options] [mode] [file/directory]
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- Example: chmod 755 file.txt
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### b) chown (Change Owner)
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- Changes file ownership
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- Usage: chown [user]:[group] [file/directory]
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## 4. System Information:
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### a) uname
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- Displays system information
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- Usage: uname [options]
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- Options:
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-a: All information
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### b) df (Disk Free)
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- Shows disk space usage
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- Usage: df [options]
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- Options:
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-h: Human-readable sizes
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### c) du (Disk Usage)
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- Estimates file and directory space usage
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- Usage: du [options] [directory]
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- Options:
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-h: Human-readable sizes
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-s: Summary for directory
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## 5. Process Management:
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### a) ps (Process Status)
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- Lists running processes
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- Usage: ps [options]
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- Common options:
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aux: Detailed information for all processes
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### b) top
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- Displays real-time system process information
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- Usage: top
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### c) kill
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- Terminates processes
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- Usage: kill [options] [PID]
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- Options:
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-9: Force kill
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## 6. Network Commands:
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### a) ping
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- Tests network connectivity
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- Usage: ping [options] [destination]
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### b) ifconfig
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- Displays network interface information
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- Usage: ifconfig
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### c) ssh (Secure Shell)
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- Connects to remote systems securely
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- Usage: ssh [user]@[host]
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## 7. Package Management (for Debian-based systems):
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### a) apt-get update
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- Updates package lists
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- Usage: sudo apt-get update
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### b) apt-get upgrade
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- Upgrades installed packages
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- Usage: sudo apt-get upgrade
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### c) apt-get install
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- Installs new packages
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- Usage: sudo apt-get install [package_name]
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## 8. File Compression:
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### a) tar
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- Archives files
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- Usage: tar [options] [archive_name] [files/directories]
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- Common options:
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-c: Create archive
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-x: Extract archive
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-v: Verbose
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-f: Specify archive file
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- Example: tar -cvf archive.tar files/
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### b) gzip
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- Compresses files
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- Usage: gzip [filename]
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### c) gunzip
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- Decompresses gzip files
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- Usage: gunzip [filename.gz]
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- [(1) The beginner’s guide to using terminal on Linux Mint - FOSS Linux.](https://www.fosslinux.com/103546/the-beginners-guide-to-using-terminal-on-linux-mint.htm.)
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- [(2) Official User Guide - Linux Mint.](https://www.linuxmint.com/documentation/user-guide/Cinnamon/english_18.0.pdf.)
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- [(3) BEGINNER'S GUIDE FOR LINUX - Start Learning Linux in Minutes - Tecmint.](https://www.tecmint.com/free-online-linux-learning-guide-for-beginners/.)
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- [(4) Useful Basic Terminal Commands On Linux Mint 11 - HowtoForge.](https://www.howtoforge.com/useful-basic-terminal-commands-on-linux-mint-11.)
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