73 lines
3.1 KiB
Markdown
73 lines
3.1 KiB
Markdown
# Linux Shutdown and reboot/restart procedure
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## 1. Command Line Methods:
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### a) Shutdown:
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- To shut down immediately: `sudo shutdown -h now`
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- To shut down after a delay: `sudo shutdown -h +m` (replace m with minutes)
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- To shut down at a specific time: `sudo shutdown -h HH:MM` (24-hour format)
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### b) Restart:
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- To restart immediately: `sudo shutdown -r now` or `sudo reboot`
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- To restart after a delay: `sudo shutdown -r +m` (replace m with minutes)
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- To restart at a specific time: `sudo shutdown -r HH:MM` (24-hour format)
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### c) Cancel a scheduled shutdown or restart:
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- `sudo shutdown -c`
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## 2. Using systemctl (for systemd-based distributions):
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- Shutdown: `sudo systemctl poweroff`
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- Restart: `sudo systemctl reboot`
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## 3. Legacy commands (still work on most systems):
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- Shutdown: `sudo halt` or `sudo poweroff`
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- Restart: `sudo reboot`
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## 4. GUI Methods:
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Most desktop environments (GNOME, KDE, Xfce, etc.) have a menu option for shutting down or restarting. Usually found in the main menu or by clicking on the user name/icon.
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## 5. Emergency Immediate Shutdown:
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In case of an unresponsive system, you can use the magic SysRq key combinations:
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- Hold Alt + SysRq (usually Print Screen), then press these keys in sequence: R E I S U B
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- This safely syncs data, unmounts filesystems, and reboots the system
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## 6. Sending Signals:
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You can use the `kill` command to send signals to the init process:
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- Shutdown: `sudo kill -s SIGINT 1`
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- Restart: `sudo kill -s SIGTERM 1`
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## 7. Additional Options and Considerations:
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a) Force shutdown (use cautiously): `sudo shutdown -h -f now`
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b) Schedule a shutdown message: `sudo shutdown -h +m "System will shutdown in m minutes"`
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c) Shut down without sudo (if configured): `shutdown -h now`
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## 8. Shutting down remote systems:
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- SSH into the system and use any of the above commands
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- Use `ssh user@host "sudo shutdown -h now"` from another machine
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## 9. Checking shutdown/restart history:
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- View last shutdown: `last -x shutdown`
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- View last reboot: `last reboot`
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- Check system logs: `journalctl --since "1 hour ago" | grep -i "shut down\|reboot"`
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## 10. Best Practices:
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- Always ensure all important data is saved before shutting down or restarting
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- Close all running applications to prevent data loss
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- For servers, notify users before scheduling a shutdown or restart
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- Use delayed shutdowns to give time for important processes to complete
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- Regularly check system logs for any shutdown/restart issues
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- [(1) How to Reboot or Shut Down Linux Using the Command Line.)](https://www.howtogeek.com/411925/how-to-reboot-or-shut-down-linux-using-the-command-line/.)
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- [(2) How to reboot, shutdown, log off PC from Terminal by command line in](https://www.fosslinux.com/1115/how-to-reboot-shutdown-log-off-pc-from-terminal-by-command-line-in-ubuntu-and-linux-mint.htm.)
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- [(3) How do I shut down or reboot from a terminal? - Ask Ubuntu.](https://askubuntu.com/questions/187071/how-do-i-shut-down-or-reboot-from-a-terminal.)
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- [(4) 5 Linux Commands to Shutdown and Reboot the System.](https://www.binarytides.com/linux-command-shutdown-reboot-restart-system/.)
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