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LWM-Linux/01 - Introduction to Linux/Basic Linux Commands.md

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Basic Linux Commands

1. Navigation and File Management:

a) pwd (Print Working Directory)

  • Shows the current directory path
  • Usage: pwd

b) ls (List)

  • Lists files and directories in the current directory
  • Common options: -l: Long format with details -a: Show hidden files -h: Human-readable file sizes
  • Usage: ls [options] [directory]

c) cd (Change Directory)

  • Changes the current directory
  • Usage: cd [directory] cd .. (move up one directory) cd ~ (go to home directory)

d) mkdir (Make Directory)

  • Creates a new directory
  • Usage: mkdir [directory_name]

e) rmdir (Remove Directory)

  • Removes an empty directory
  • Usage: rmdir [directory_name]

f) touch

  • Creates an empty file or updates timestamps
  • Usage: touch [filename]

g) cp (Copy)

  • Copies files or directories
  • Usage: cp [source] [destination]
  • Options: -r: Recursive (for directories)

h) mv (Move)

  • Moves or renames files and directories
  • Usage: mv [source] [destination]

i) rm (Remove)

  • Deletes files or directories
  • Usage: rm [options] [file/directory]
  • Options: -r: Recursive (for directories) -f: Force deletion without prompting

2. File Viewing and Editing:

a) cat (Concatenate)

  • Displays file contents
  • Usage: cat [filename]

b) less

  • Views file contents page by page
  • Usage: less [filename]

c) head

  • Displays the first few lines of a file
  • Usage: head [options] [filename]
  • Options: -n [number]: Specify number of lines

d) tail

  • Displays the last few lines of a file
  • Usage: tail [options] [filename]
  • Options: -n [number]: Specify number of lines -f: Follow file updates in real-time

e) nano

  • Simple text editor
  • Usage: nano [filename]

3. File Permissions and Ownership:

a) chmod (Change Mode)

  • Modifies file permissions
  • Usage: chmod [options] [mode] [file/directory]
  • Example: chmod 755 file.txt

b) chown (Change Owner)

  • Changes file ownership
  • Usage: chown [user]:[group] [file/directory]

4. System Information:

a) uname

  • Displays system information
  • Usage: uname [options]
  • Options: -a: All information

b) df (Disk Free)

  • Shows disk space usage
  • Usage: df [options]
  • Options: -h: Human-readable sizes

c) du (Disk Usage)

  • Estimates file and directory space usage
  • Usage: du [options] [directory]
  • Options: -h: Human-readable sizes -s: Summary for directory

5. Process Management:

a) ps (Process Status)

  • Lists running processes
  • Usage: ps [options]
  • Common options: aux: Detailed information for all processes

b) top

  • Displays real-time system process information
  • Usage: top

c) kill

  • Terminates processes
  • Usage: kill [options] [PID]
  • Options: -9: Force kill

6. Network Commands:

a) ping

  • Tests network connectivity
  • Usage: ping [options] [destination]

b) ifconfig

  • Displays network interface information
  • Usage: ifconfig

c) ssh (Secure Shell)

  • Connects to remote systems securely
  • Usage: ssh [user]@[host]

7. Package Management (for Debian-based systems):

a) apt-get update

  • Updates package lists
  • Usage: sudo apt-get update

b) apt-get upgrade

  • Upgrades installed packages
  • Usage: sudo apt-get upgrade

c) apt-get install

  • Installs new packages
  • Usage: sudo apt-get install [package_name]

8. File Compression:

a) tar

  • Archives files
  • Usage: tar [options] [archive_name] [files/directories]
  • Common options: -c: Create archive -x: Extract archive -v: Verbose -f: Specify archive file
  • Example: tar -cvf archive.tar files/

b) gzip

  • Compresses files
  • Usage: gzip [filename]

c) gunzip