Sanitize Chapter 2 of Hyperlinks and removed some duplicate info (some still remains)
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@ -14,184 +14,141 @@ Linux follows a hierarchical file system structure, starting with the root direc
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## 2. Basic Commands:
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### - Listing files and directories:
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```
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ls [options] [directory]
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```
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`ls [options] [directory]`
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Common options:
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- -l: Long format
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- -a: Show hidden files
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- -h: Human-readable file sizes
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### - Changing directories:
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```
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cd [directory]
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```
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- cd ..: Move up one directory
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- cd ~: Go to home directory
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- cd /: Go to root directory
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`cd [directory]`
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- `cd ..`: Move up one directory
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- `cd`: Go to home directory
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- `cd /`: Go to root directory
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### - Creating directories:
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```
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mkdir [options] directory_name
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```
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`mkdir [options] directory_name`
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Common options:
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- mkdir -p: Create parent directories if they don't exist
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- -p: Create parent directories if they don't exist
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### - Removing directories:
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```
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rmdir [options] directory_name
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```
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Common options:
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- rm -r directory_name: Remove non-empty directories
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`rmdir [options] directory_name`
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### - Creating files:
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```
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touch file_name
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```
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### - Creating empty files:
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`touch file_name`
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### - Copying files and directories:
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```
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cp [options] source destination
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```
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`cp [options] source destination`
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Common options:
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- cp -r: Copy directories recursively
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- -r: Copy directories recursively
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### - Moving/renaming files and directories:
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```
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mv source destination
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```
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`mv source destination`
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### - Removing files:
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```
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rm [options] file_name
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```
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`rm [options] file_name`
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Common options:
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- rm -f: Force removal without prompting
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- -f: Force removal without prompting
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## 3. File Permissions:
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Linux uses a permission system with read (r), write (w), and execute (x) permissions for owner, group, and others.
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### Viewing permissions:
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```
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ls -l
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```
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`ls -l`
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### Changing permissions:
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```
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chmod [options] mode file
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```
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Example: chmod 755 file_name
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`chmod [options] mode file`
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Example: chmod 755 file_name "to make a file permissions RWX-Owner, RX-Group, RX-Others
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### Changing ownership:
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```
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chown [options] user:group file
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```
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`chown [options] user:group file`
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## 4. File Manipulation:
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### Viewing file contents:
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```
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cat file_name #Print entire file at once
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less file_name #View file in a pager format
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more file_name #View file in a pager format
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head file_name #View top 10 lines (default) of a file
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tail file_name #View last 10 lines (default) of a file
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```
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- `cat file_name` #Print entire file at once
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- `less file_name` #View file in a pager format
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- `more file_name` #View file in a pager format
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- `head file_name` #View top 10 lines (default) of a file
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- `tail file_name` #View last 10 lines (default) of a file
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### Searching file contents:
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```
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grep [options] pattern file
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```
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`grep [options] pattern file`
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Common options:
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- -i: Insensitive Case Search
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- -R: search recursively in parent Directory, as well as all child directories.
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- -n: Return the line number in the file where the match occured
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### Comparing files:
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```
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diff file1 file2
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```
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`diff file1 file2`
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## 5. Advanced File Management:
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### Finding files:
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```
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find [path] [expression]
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```
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Example: find /home -name "*.txt"
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`find [path] [expression]`
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Common Options:
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- -iname: Insensitive case search
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- -name: Case Sensitive search
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Example: `find /home -name "*.txt"`
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### Disk usage:
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```
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du [options] [directory]
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```
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`du [options] [directory]`
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Common options:
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- -h: Print disk usage in human-readable format
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- -s: Summarize disk usage information
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- -S: Summarize disk usage by each sub-directory
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### File compression and archiving:
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```
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tar [options] archive_name files
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gzip file_name
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gunzip file_name.gz
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```
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`tar [options] files.tar files` #Create a tar archive called "files.tar" with everything in the "files" directory
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`gzip -k file_name` #Create a gzipped archive while keeping the original file "-k"
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`gunzip -k file_name.gz` #Extract a .gzip file while keeping "-k" the original archive.
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### Symbolic links:
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```
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ln -s target_file link_name
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```
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### Symbolic links "Shortcuts":
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`ln -s target_file link_name`
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## 6. Text Editors:
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- nano: Simple and user-friendly
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- nano: Simple and user-friendly #Included with most distros by default
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- vim: Advanced and powerful
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- emacs: Extensible and feature-rich
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## 7. File System Management:
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### Mounting file systems:
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```
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mount [options] device directory
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```
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`mount` [options] device directory
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### Unmounting file systems:
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```
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umount [options] directory
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```
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`umount` [options] directory
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### Checking disk space:
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```
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df [options]
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```
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- df -h: Human-readable output
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`df` [options]
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Common Options:
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- -h: Human-readable output
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## 8. File System Maintenance:
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### Checking and repairing file systems:
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```
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fsck [options] device
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```
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`fsck [options] device` #Not used with BTRFS filesystem
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### Creating file systems:
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```
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mkfs [options] device
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```
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`mkfs.[FSTYPE] [options] device` #Will erase device/disk if not entered correctly
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## 9. Access Control Lists (ACLs):
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### For more fine-grained permission control:
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```
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getfacl file
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setfacl -m u:user:rwx file
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```
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`getfacl file`
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`setfacl -m u:user:rwx file`
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## 10. Inode Information:
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### View detailed file information:
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```
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stat file_name
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```
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`stat file_name`
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- [(1) How to Perform File and Directory Management (Part 3) - Tecmint.](https://www.tecmint.com/file-and-directory-management-in-linux/.)
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- [(2) How to Manage Files from the Linux Terminal: 11 Commands ... - How-To Geek.](https://www.howtogeek.com/107808/how-to-manage-files-from-the-linux-terminal-11-commands-you-need-to-know/.)
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- [(3) Linux File Management Series for Beginners - Linux Shell Tips.](https://www.ubuntumint.com/linux-file-management/.)
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- [(4) Linux Commands Cheat Sheet {with Free Downloadable PDF} - phoenixNAP.](https://phoenixnap.com/kb/linux-commands-cheat-sheet.)
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## 11. External Sources:
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- [(1) Linux File Management Series for Beginners - Linux Shell Tips.](https://www.ubuntumint.com/linux-file-management/.)
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- [(2) Linux Commands Cheat Sheet {with Free Downloadable PDF} - phoenixNAP.](https://phoenixnap.com/kb/linux-commands-cheat-sheet.)
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@ -1,11 +0,0 @@
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#
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1. **Print Working Directory (pwd):** Use `pwd` to display your current location in the filesystem. It shows the absolute path from the root directory (e.g., `/home/user`). Absolute paths are crucial for scripts.
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2. **Change Directory (cd):**
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- To move up one level (e.g., from `/home/user/docs` to `/home/user`), use `cd ..`.
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- To go directly to a specific directory (e.g., `/home/user/music`), provide the absolute path: `cd /home/user/music`.
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- To return home from any location, use `cd ~`.
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- [10 Linux commands for navigating the file system - FOSS Linux.](https://www.fosslinux.com/136854/10-linux-commands-for-navigating-the-file-system.htm.)
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@ -32,14 +32,14 @@ Most desktop environments (GNOME, KDE, Xfce, etc.) have a menu option for shutti
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## 5. Emergency Immediate Shutdown:
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In case of an unresponsive system, you can use the magic SysRq key combinations:
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- Hold Alt + SysRq (usually Print Screen), then press these keys in sequence: R E I S U B
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- This safely syncs data, unmounts filesystems, and reboots the system
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- Hold Alt + SysRq (usually Print Screen), then press these keys in sequence: R E I S U B #This will reboot your system
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- Hold Alt + SysRq (usually Print Screen), then press these keys in sequence: R E I S U O #This will power-off your system
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## 6. Sending Signals:
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You can use the `kill` command to send signals to the init process:
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- Shutdown: `sudo kill -s SIGINT 1`
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- Restart: `sudo kill -s SIGTERM 1`
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- Shutdown: `sudo kill -s SIGINT 1` #kill the init PID - resulting in machine power-off
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- Restart: `sudo kill -s SIGTERM 1` #kill the init PID - resulting in machine power-off
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## 7. Additional Options and Considerations:
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@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ c) Shut down without sudo (if configured): `shutdown -h now`
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## 8. Shutting down remote systems:
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- SSH into the system and use any of the above commands
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- Use `ssh user@host "sudo shutdown -h now"` from another machine
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- Use `ssh user@host "sudo shutdown -h now"` from another machine - you will NOT be able to reconnect without physical access to the machine!
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## 9. Checking shutdown/restart history:
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@ -64,9 +64,4 @@ c) Shut down without sudo (if configured): `shutdown -h now`
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- Close all running applications to prevent data loss
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- For servers, notify users before scheduling a shutdown or restart
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- Use delayed shutdowns to give time for important processes to complete
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- Regularly check system logs for any shutdown/restart issues
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- [(1) How to Reboot or Shut Down Linux Using the Command Line.)](https://www.howtogeek.com/411925/how-to-reboot-or-shut-down-linux-using-the-command-line/.)
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- [(2) How to reboot, shutdown, log off PC from Terminal by command line in](https://www.fosslinux.com/1115/how-to-reboot-shutdown-log-off-pc-from-terminal-by-command-line-in-ubuntu-and-linux-mint.htm.)
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- [(3) How do I shut down or reboot from a terminal? - Ask Ubuntu.](https://askubuntu.com/questions/187071/how-do-i-shut-down-or-reboot-from-a-terminal.)
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- [(4) 5 Linux Commands to Shutdown and Reboot the System.](https://www.binarytides.com/linux-command-shutdown-reboot-restart-system/.)
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- Regularly check system logs for any shutdown/restart issues
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@ -1,27 +0,0 @@
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#
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1. **Opening and Creating Files**:
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- To open an existing file or create a new one, type:
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```
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nano filename
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```
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- Replace `filename` with the actual name of the file you want to edit. Nano will open the file in a new editor window.
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2. **Basic Editing**:
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- Nano is modeless, meaning you can start typing and editing immediately.
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- To move the cursor to a specific line and character number, use `Ctrl+_`. Enter the line and column numbers when prompted.
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- To save your changes and exit, press `Ctrl+x`.
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3. **Searching and Replacing**:
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- To search for text, press `Ctrl+w`, type your search term, and press `Enter`.
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- To move to the next match, press `Alt+w`.
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- For search and replace, press `Ctrl+\`. Enter the search term and the replacement text.
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- [(1) Editing Files With Nano in Linux [With Cheat Sheet] - It's FOSS.](https://itsfoss.com/nano-editor-guide/.)
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- [(2) The Beginner's Guide to Nano, the Linux Command-Line Text Editor.](https://www.howtogeek.com/42980/the-beginners-guide-to-nano-the-linux-command-line-text-editor/.)
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- [(3) nano Command Guide | Linux Text Editor Explained.](https://ioflood.com/blog/nano-linux-command/.)
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- [(4) Getting Started With Nano Editor - Linux Handbook.](https://linuxhandbook.com/nano/.)
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- [(5) First steps with the Nano text editor - PragmaticLinux.](https://www.pragmaticlinux.com/2020/05/first-steps-with-the-nano-text-editor/.)
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- [(6) How to Use Nano Text Editor: From Installation to Editing - Hostinger.](https://www.hostinger.com/tutorials/how-to-install-and-use-nano-text-editor.)
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@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ Nano is a simple, user-friendly text editor for Unix-like operating systems. It'
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- Use arrow keys to move the cursor.
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- Page Up/Down: Move one screen at a time.
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- Home/End: Move to start/end of a line.
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- Alt+/ or Ctrl+_: Move to a specific line number.
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- CTRL+/: Move to a specific line number.
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## 5. Editing:
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- Type to insert text at the cursor position.
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@ -94,4 +94,4 @@ Nano is a simple, user-friendly text editor for Unix-like operating systems. It'
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## 15. Colored Text:
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- Use `set titlecolor`, `set statuscolor`, etc. in `.nanorc` to customize colors.
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Nano is an excellent choice for quick edits and for users who prefer a straightforward, non-modal text editor. While it may not have all the features of more complex editors like Vim or Emacs, its simplicity and ease of use make it a popular choice for many users.
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Nano is an excellent choice for quick edits and for users who prefer a straightforward, non-modal text editor. While it may not have all the features of more complex editors like Vim or Emacs, its simplicity and ease of use make it a popular choice for many users.
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@ -1,6 +1,12 @@
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# Using the Linux Terminal (BASH Shell)
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## 1. Basic Navigation:
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## 1. **Opening the Terminal**:
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- You can open the terminal in various ways:
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- **Shortcut**: Press `Ctrl + Alt + T`.
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- **Application Menu**: Search for "Terminal" in your applications.
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- **Command**: Use the `gnome-terminal` command.
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## 2. Basic Navigation:
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- pwd: Print working directory
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- ls: List files and directories
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- cd: Change directory
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@ -8,7 +14,7 @@
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- rmdir: Remove an empty directory
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- touch: Create an empty file
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## 2. File Operations:
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## 3. File Operations:
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- cp: Copy files or directories
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- mv: Move or rename files/directories
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- rm: Remove files or directories
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@ -16,73 +22,73 @@
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- less: View file contents page by page
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- head/tail: View beginning/end of a file
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## 3. Text Editing:
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## 4. Text Editing:
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- nano: Simple text editor
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- vim: Advanced text editor
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- emacs: Another advanced text editor
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## 4. File Permissions:
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## 5. File Permissions:
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- chmod: Change file permissions
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- chown: Change file owner
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- chgrp: Change group ownership
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## 5. Process Management:
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## 6. Process Management:
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- ps: List running processes
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- top: Dynamic view of system processes
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- kill: Terminate a process
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- fg/bg: Bring process to foreground/background
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## 6. System Information:
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## 7. System Information:
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- uname: Display system information
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- df: Show disk usage
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- du: Display directory space usage
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- free: Show memory usage
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## 7. Network Commands:
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## 8. Network Commands:
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- ifconfig: Configure network interfaces
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- ping: Test network connectivity
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- ssh: Secure shell for remote access
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- scp: Securely copy files between hosts
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## 8. Package Management:
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## 9. Package Management:
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- apt-get (Debian/Ubuntu): Install, update, remove packages
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- yum (CentOS/Fedora): Similar to apt-get
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- dnf (Fedora): Next-generation package manager
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## 9. File Compression:
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## 10. File Compression:
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- tar: Archive files
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- gzip/gunzip: Compress/decompress files
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- zip/unzip: Create/extract zip archives
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## 10. Text Processing:
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## 11. Text Processing:
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- grep: Search for patterns in files
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- sed: Stream editor for text manipulation
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- awk: Pattern scanning and text processing
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## 11. Redirection and Pipes:
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- >: Redirect output to a file
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- >>: Append output to a file
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## 12. Redirection and Pipes:
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- >: Redirect output to a file OVERWRITING original file if it exists
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- >>: Append output to a file or create a new file.
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- <: Read input from a file
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- |: Pipe output of one command to another
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- |: Pipe output of one command to another "command chaining"
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## 12. User Management:
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## 13. User Management:
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- useradd: Add a new user
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- userdel: Delete a user
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- passwd: Change user password
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## 13. Advanced Commands:
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## 14. Advanced Commands:
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- find: Search for files in a directory hierarchy
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- xargs: Build and execute command lines from standard input
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- sort: Sort lines of text
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- uniq: Report or omit repeated lines
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## 14. Shell Scripting:
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## 15. Shell Scripting:
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- Variables: var_name=value
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- Conditionals: if, elif, else
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- Loops: for, while
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- Functions: function_name() { commands; }
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## 15. Job Control:
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## 16. Job Control:
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- jobs: List active jobs
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- &: Run a command in the background
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- Ctrl+Z: Suspend a running process
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@ -1,30 +0,0 @@
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#
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1. **Opening the Terminal**:
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- You can open the terminal in various ways:
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- **Shortcut**: Press `Ctrl + Alt + T`.
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- **Specific Directory**: Open the terminal in a specific directory.
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- **Application Menu**: Search for "Terminal" in your applications.
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- **Command**: Use the `gnome-terminal` command.
|
||||
|
||||
2. **Basic Commands**:
|
||||
- Once you're in the terminal, try these commands:
|
||||
- `pwd`: Print the current working directory.
|
||||
- `ls`: List files and directories.
|
||||
- `cd`: Change directory.
|
||||
- `mkdir`: Create a new directory.
|
||||
- `cp`: Copy files or directories.
|
||||
- `mv`: Move files or rename them.
|
||||
- `rm`: Remove files or directories.
|
||||
- `clear`: Clear the terminal screen.
|
||||
|
||||
3. **Superuser Powers**:
|
||||
- Some tasks require administrator privileges. Use `sudo` before a command to execute it as the superuser.
|
||||
- Be cautious with superuser access—it's powerful!
|
||||
|
||||
- [(1) Beginner's Guide To The Linux Terminal.](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s3ii48qYBxA.)
|
||||
- [(2) Linux Terminal Introduction.](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SkB-eRCzWIU.)
|
||||
- [(3) Linux Terminal Basics | Navigate the File System on Ubuntu.](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jgcXclSXnVo.)
|
||||
- [(4) The Linux command line for beginners | Ubuntu.](https://ubuntu.com/tutorials/command-line-for-beginners.)
|
||||
- [(5) What is Terminal in Linux? [The Ultimate Guide] - LinuxSimply.](https://linuxsimply.com/what-is-terminal-in-linux/.)
|
||||
|
||||
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Reference in New Issue
Block a user