Sanitize Chapter 2 of Hyperlinks and removed some duplicate info (some still remains)

02 - Basic System Operations/File and Directory Management.md

@@ -14,184 +14,141 @@ Linux follows a hierarchical file system structure, starting with the root direc
 ## 2. Basic Commands:
 
 ### - Listing files and directories:
-```
+`ls [options] [directory]`
-ls [options] [directory]
-```
 Common options:
 - -l: Long format
 - -a: Show hidden files
 - -h: Human-readable file sizes
 
 ### - Changing directories:
-```
+`cd [directory]`
-cd [directory]
+- `cd ..`: Move up one directory
-```
+- `cd`: Go to home directory
-- cd ..: Move up one directory
+- `cd /`: Go to root directory
-- cd ~: Go to home directory
-- cd /: Go to root directory
 
 ### - Creating directories:
-```
+`mkdir [options] directory_name`
-mkdir [options] directory_name
-```
 Common options:
-- mkdir -p: Create parent directories if they don't exist
+- -p: Create parent directories if they don't exist
 
 ### - Removing directories:
-```
+`rmdir [options] directory_name`
-rmdir [options] directory_name
-```
-Common options:
-- rm -r directory_name: Remove non-empty directories
 
-### - Creating files:
+### - Creating empty files:
-```
+`touch file_name`
-touch file_name
-```
 
 ### - Copying files and directories:
-```
+`cp [options] source destination`
-cp [options] source destination
-```
 Common options:
-- cp -r: Copy directories recursively
+- -r: Copy directories recursively
 
 ### - Moving/renaming files and directories:
-```
+`mv source destination`
-mv source destination
-```
 
 ### - Removing files:
-```
+`rm [options] file_name`
-rm [options] file_name
-```
 Common options:
-- rm -f: Force removal without prompting
+- -f: Force removal without prompting
 
 ## 3. File Permissions:
 
 Linux uses a permission system with read (r), write (w), and execute (x) permissions for owner, group, and others.
 
 ### Viewing permissions:
-```
+`ls -l`
-ls -l
-```
 
 ### Changing permissions:
-```
+`chmod [options] mode file`
-chmod [options] mode file
+Example: chmod 755 file_name "to make a file permissions RWX-Owner, RX-Group, RX-Others
-```
-Example: chmod 755 file_name
 
 ### Changing ownership:
-```
+`chown [options] user:group file`
-chown [options] user:group file
-```
 
 ## 4. File Manipulation:
 
 ### Viewing file contents:
-```
+- `cat file_name` #Print entire file at once
-cat file_name #Print entire file at once
+- `less file_name` #View file in a pager format
-less file_name #View file in a pager format
+- `more file_name` #View file in a pager format
-more file_name #View file in a pager format
+- `head file_name` #View top 10 lines (default) of a file
-head file_name #View top 10 lines (default) of a file
+- `tail file_name` #View last 10 lines (default) of a file
-tail file_name #View last 10 lines (default) of a file
+
-```
 
 ### Searching file contents:
-```
+`grep [options] pattern file`
-grep [options] pattern file
-```
 Common options:
 - -i: Insensitive Case Search
 - -R: search recursively in parent Directory, as well as all child directories.
+- -n: Return the line number in the file where the match occured
 
 ### Comparing files:
-```
+`diff file1 file2`
-diff file1 file2
-```
 
 ## 5. Advanced File Management:
 
 ### Finding files:
-```
+`find [path] [expression]`
-find [path] [expression]
+Common Options:
-```
+- -iname: Insensitive case search
-Example: find /home -name "*.txt"
+- -name: Case Sensitive search
+
+Example: `find /home -name "*.txt"`
 
 ### Disk usage:
-```
+`du [options] [directory]`
-du [options] [directory]
-```
 Common options:
 - -h: Print disk usage in human-readable format
 - -s: Summarize disk usage information
+- -S: Summarize disk usage by each sub-directory
 
 ### File compression and archiving:
-```
+`tar [options] files.tar files` #Create a tar archive called "files.tar" with everything in the "files" directory
-tar [options] archive_name files
+`gzip -k file_name` #Create a gzipped archive while keeping the original file "-k"
-gzip file_name
+`gunzip -k file_name.gz` #Extract a .gzip file while keeping "-k" the original archive.
-gunzip file_name.gz
-```
 
-### Symbolic links:
+
-```
+### Symbolic links "Shortcuts":
-ln -s target_file link_name
+`ln -s target_file link_name`
-```
 
 ## 6. Text Editors:
 
-- nano: Simple and user-friendly
+- nano: Simple and user-friendly #Included with most distros by default
 - vim: Advanced and powerful
 - emacs: Extensible and feature-rich
 
 ## 7. File System Management:
 
 ### Mounting file systems:
-```
+`mount` [options] device directory
-mount [options] device directory
-```
 
 ### Unmounting file systems:
-```
+`umount` [options] directory
-umount [options] directory
-```
 
 ### Checking disk space:
-```
+`df` [options]
-df [options]
+Common Options:
-```
+- -h: Human-readable output
-- df -h: Human-readable output
 
 ## 8. File System Maintenance:
 
 ### Checking and repairing file systems:
-```
+`fsck [options] device` #Not used with BTRFS filesystem
-fsck [options] device
-```
 
 ### Creating file systems:
-```
+`mkfs.[FSTYPE] [options] device` #Will erase device/disk if not entered correctly
-mkfs [options] device
-```
 
 ## 9. Access Control Lists (ACLs):
 
 ### For more fine-grained permission control:
-```
+`getfacl file`
-getfacl file
+`setfacl -m u:user:rwx file`
-setfacl -m u:user:rwx file
-```
 
 ## 10. Inode Information:
 
 ### View detailed file information:
-```
+`stat file_name`
-stat file_name
-```
 
-- [(1) How to Perform File and Directory Management (Part 3) - Tecmint.](https://www.tecmint.com/file-and-directory-management-in-linux/.)
+## 11. External Sources:
-- [(2) How to Manage Files from the Linux Terminal: 11 Commands ... - How-To Geek.](https://www.howtogeek.com/107808/how-to-manage-files-from-the-linux-terminal-11-commands-you-need-to-know/.)
+
-- [(3) Linux File Management Series for Beginners - Linux Shell Tips.](https://www.ubuntumint.com/linux-file-management/.)
+- [(1) Linux File Management Series for Beginners - Linux Shell Tips.](https://www.ubuntumint.com/linux-file-management/.)
-- [(4) Linux Commands Cheat Sheet {with Free Downloadable PDF} - phoenixNAP.](https://phoenixnap.com/kb/linux-commands-cheat-sheet.)
+- [(2) Linux Commands Cheat Sheet {with Free Downloadable PDF} - phoenixNAP.](https://phoenixnap.com/kb/linux-commands-cheat-sheet.)

02 - Basic System Operations/Filesystem Navigation.md

@@ -1,11 +0,0 @@
-#
-
-1. **Print Working Directory (pwd):** Use `pwd` to display your current location in the filesystem. It shows the absolute path from the root directory (e.g., `/home/user`). Absolute paths are crucial for scripts.
-
-2. **Change Directory (cd):**
-    - To move up one level (e.g., from `/home/user/docs` to `/home/user`), use `cd ..`.
-    - To go directly to a specific directory (e.g., `/home/user/music`), provide the absolute path: `cd /home/user/music`.
-    - To return home from any location, use `cd ~`.
-
-
-- [10 Linux commands for navigating the file system - FOSS Linux.](https://www.fosslinux.com/136854/10-linux-commands-for-navigating-the-file-system.htm.)

02 - Basic System Operations/System Shutdown and Restart.md

@@ -32,14 +32,14 @@ Most desktop environments (GNOME, KDE, Xfce, etc.) have a menu option for shutti
 ## 5. Emergency Immediate Shutdown:
 
 In case of an unresponsive system, you can use the magic SysRq key combinations:
-- Hold Alt + SysRq (usually Print Screen), then press these keys in sequence: R E I S U B
+- Hold Alt + SysRq (usually Print Screen), then press these keys in sequence: R E I S U B #This will reboot your system
-- This safely syncs data, unmounts filesystems, and reboots the system
+- Hold Alt + SysRq (usually Print Screen), then press these keys in sequence: R E I S U O #This will power-off your system
 
 ## 6. Sending Signals:
 
 You can use the `kill` command to send signals to the init process:
-- Shutdown: `sudo kill -s SIGINT 1`
+- Shutdown: `sudo kill -s SIGINT 1` #kill the init PID - resulting in machine power-off
-- Restart: `sudo kill -s SIGTERM 1`
+- Restart: `sudo kill -s SIGTERM 1` #kill the init PID - resulting in machine power-off
 
 ## 7. Additional Options and Considerations:
 
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ c) Shut down without sudo (if configured): `shutdown -h now`
 ## 8. Shutting down remote systems:
 
 - SSH into the system and use any of the above commands
-- Use `ssh user@host "sudo shutdown -h now"` from another machine
+- Use `ssh user@host "sudo shutdown -h now"` from another machine - you will NOT be able to reconnect without physical access to the machine!
 
 ## 9. Checking shutdown/restart history:
 
@@ -65,8 +65,3 @@ c) Shut down without sudo (if configured): `shutdown -h now`
 - For servers, notify users before scheduling a shutdown or restart
 - Use delayed shutdowns to give time for important processes to complete
 - Regularly check system logs for any shutdown/restart issues
-
-- [(1) How to Reboot or Shut Down Linux Using the Command Line.)](https://www.howtogeek.com/411925/how-to-reboot-or-shut-down-linux-using-the-command-line/.)
-- [(2) How to reboot, shutdown, log off PC from Terminal by command line in](https://www.fosslinux.com/1115/how-to-reboot-shutdown-log-off-pc-from-terminal-by-command-line-in-ubuntu-and-linux-mint.htm.)
-- [(3) How do I shut down or reboot from a terminal? - Ask Ubuntu.](https://askubuntu.com/questions/187071/how-do-i-shut-down-or-reboot-from-a-terminal.)
-- [(4) 5 Linux Commands to Shutdown and Reboot the System.](https://www.binarytides.com/linux-command-shutdown-reboot-restart-system/.)

02 - Basic System Operations/Terminal text editor.md

@@ -1,27 +0,0 @@
-#
-
-1. **Opening and Creating Files**:
-   - To open an existing file or create a new one, type:
-     ```
-     nano filename
-     ```
-   - Replace `filename` with the actual name of the file you want to edit. Nano will open the file in a new editor window.
-
-2. **Basic Editing**:
-   - Nano is modeless, meaning you can start typing and editing immediately.
-   - To move the cursor to a specific line and character number, use `Ctrl+_`. Enter the line and column numbers when prompted.
-   - To save your changes and exit, press `Ctrl+x`.
-
-3. **Searching and Replacing**:
-   - To search for text, press `Ctrl+w`, type your search term, and press `Enter`.
-   - To move to the next match, press `Alt+w`.
-   - For search and replace, press `Ctrl+\`. Enter the search term and the replacement text.
-
-
-
-- [(1) Editing Files With Nano in Linux [With Cheat Sheet] - It's FOSS.](https://itsfoss.com/nano-editor-guide/.)
-- [(2) The Beginner's Guide to Nano, the Linux Command-Line Text Editor.](https://www.howtogeek.com/42980/the-beginners-guide-to-nano-the-linux-command-line-text-editor/.)
-- [(3) nano Command Guide | Linux Text Editor Explained.](https://ioflood.com/blog/nano-linux-command/.)
-- [(4) Getting Started With Nano Editor - Linux Handbook.](https://linuxhandbook.com/nano/.)
-- [(5) First steps with the Nano text editor - PragmaticLinux.](https://www.pragmaticlinux.com/2020/05/first-steps-with-the-nano-text-editor/.)
-- [(6) How to Use Nano Text Editor: From Installation to Editing - Hostinger.](https://www.hostinger.com/tutorials/how-to-install-and-use-nano-text-editor.)

02 - Basic System Operations/Text Editors (Nano).md

@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ Nano is a simple, user-friendly text editor for Unix-like operating systems. It'
    - Use arrow keys to move the cursor.
    - Page Up/Down: Move one screen at a time.
    - Home/End: Move to start/end of a line.
-   - Alt+/ or Ctrl+_: Move to a specific line number.
+   - CTRL+/: Move to a specific line number.
 
 ## 5. Editing:
    - Type to insert text at the cursor position.

02 - Basic System Operations/Using Linux Terminal (Shell BASH).md

@@ -1,6 +1,12 @@
 # Using the Linux Terminal (BASH Shell)
 
-## 1. Basic Navigation:
+## 1. **Opening the Terminal**:
+   - You can open the terminal in various ways:
+     - **Shortcut**: Press `Ctrl + Alt + T`.
+     - **Application Menu**: Search for "Terminal" in your applications.
+     - **Command**: Use the `gnome-terminal` command.
+     
+## 2. Basic Navigation:
    - pwd: Print working directory
    - ls: List files and directories
    - cd: Change directory
@@ -8,7 +14,7 @@
    - rmdir: Remove an empty directory
    - touch: Create an empty file
 
-## 2. File Operations:
+## 3. File Operations:
    - cp: Copy files or directories
    - mv: Move or rename files/directories
    - rm: Remove files or directories
@@ -16,73 +22,73 @@
    - less: View file contents page by page
    - head/tail: View beginning/end of a file
 
-## 3. Text Editing:
+## 4. Text Editing:
    - nano: Simple text editor
    - vim: Advanced text editor
    - emacs: Another advanced text editor
 
-## 4. File Permissions:
+## 5. File Permissions:
    - chmod: Change file permissions
    - chown: Change file owner
    - chgrp: Change group ownership
 
-## 5. Process Management:
+## 6. Process Management:
    - ps: List running processes
    - top: Dynamic view of system processes
    - kill: Terminate a process
    - fg/bg: Bring process to foreground/background
 
-## 6. System Information:
+## 7. System Information:
    - uname: Display system information
    - df: Show disk usage
    - du: Display directory space usage
    - free: Show memory usage
 
-## 7. Network Commands:
+## 8. Network Commands:
    - ifconfig: Configure network interfaces
    - ping: Test network connectivity
    - ssh: Secure shell for remote access
    - scp: Securely copy files between hosts
 
-## 8. Package Management:
+## 9. Package Management:
    - apt-get (Debian/Ubuntu): Install, update, remove packages
    - yum (CentOS/Fedora): Similar to apt-get
    - dnf (Fedora): Next-generation package manager
 
-## 9. File Compression:
+## 10. File Compression:
    - tar: Archive files
    - gzip/gunzip: Compress/decompress files
    - zip/unzip: Create/extract zip archives
 
-## 10. Text Processing:
+## 11. Text Processing:
     - grep: Search for patterns in files
     - sed: Stream editor for text manipulation
     - awk: Pattern scanning and text processing
 
-## 11. Redirection and Pipes:
+## 12. Redirection and Pipes:
-    - >: Redirect output to a file
+    - >: Redirect output to a file OVERWRITING original file if it exists
-    - >>: Append output to a file
+    - >>: Append output to a file or create a new file.
     - <: Read input from a file
-    - |: Pipe output of one command to another
+    - |: Pipe output of one command to another "command chaining"
 
-## 12. User Management:
+## 13. User Management:
     - useradd: Add a new user
     - userdel: Delete a user
     - passwd: Change user password
 
-## 13. Advanced Commands:
+## 14. Advanced Commands:
     - find: Search for files in a directory hierarchy
     - xargs: Build and execute command lines from standard input
     - sort: Sort lines of text
     - uniq: Report or omit repeated lines
 
-## 14. Shell Scripting:
+## 15. Shell Scripting:
     - Variables: var_name=value
     - Conditionals: if, elif, else
     - Loops: for, while
     - Functions: function_name() { commands; }
 
-## 15. Job Control:
+## 16. Job Control:
     - jobs: List active jobs
     - &: Run a command in the background
     - Ctrl+Z: Suspend a running process

02 - Basic System Operations/Using Terminal and Shell.md

@@ -1,30 +0,0 @@
-# 
-
-1. **Opening the Terminal**:
-   - You can open the terminal in various ways:
-     - **Shortcut**: Press `Ctrl + Alt + T`.
-     - **Specific Directory**: Open the terminal in a specific directory.
-     - **Application Menu**: Search for "Terminal" in your applications.
-     - **Command**: Use the `gnome-terminal` command.
-
-2. **Basic Commands**:
-   - Once you're in the terminal, try these commands:
-     - `pwd`: Print the current working directory.
-     - `ls`: List files and directories.
-     - `cd`: Change directory.
-     - `mkdir`: Create a new directory.
-     - `cp`: Copy files or directories.
-     - `mv`: Move files or rename them.
-     - `rm`: Remove files or directories.
-     - `clear`: Clear the terminal screen.
-
-3. **Superuser Powers**:
-   - Some tasks require administrator privileges. Use `sudo` before a command to execute it as the superuser.
-   - Be cautious with superuser access—it's powerful!
-
-- [(1) Beginner's Guide To The Linux Terminal.](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s3ii48qYBxA.)
-- [(2) Linux Terminal Introduction.](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SkB-eRCzWIU.)
-- [(3) Linux Terminal Basics | Navigate the File System on Ubuntu.](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jgcXclSXnVo.)
-- [(4) The Linux command line for beginners | Ubuntu.](https://ubuntu.com/tutorials/command-line-for-beginners.)
-- [(5) What is Terminal in Linux? [The Ultimate Guide] - LinuxSimply.](https://linuxsimply.com/what-is-terminal-in-linux/.)
-