fixed most of chapter 8 - still needs some polish

08 - Advanced Linux Administration/Disk Management and Partitions.md

@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ Linux follows a standardized directory structure:
 - /etc: System configuration files
 - /var: Variable data (logs, temporary files)
 - /boot: Boot loader files
-- /mnt and /media: Mount points for removable devices
+- /mnt and /run/media: Mount points for removable devices
 
 ## 5. Common Disk Management Tools
 
@@ -60,8 +60,8 @@ Linux provides several tools for disk management:
 - fdisk: Partition table manipulator
 - parted: Versatile partition tool
 - lsblk: List block devices
-- df: Report file system disk space usage
+- df: Report "disk free" in bytes. add "-h" option for human readable
-- du: Estimate file space usage
+- du: Estimate file space usage for current directory.  Add "-h" option for human readable file sizes.
 
 ### b. Graphical tools:
 - GParted: GNOME Partition Editor
@@ -72,6 +72,8 @@ Linux provides several tools for disk management:
 ### a. Viewing disk information:
 ```
 lsblk
+```
+```
 fdisk -l
 ```
 
@@ -79,7 +81,7 @@ fdisk -l
 ```
 sudo fdisk /dev/sdX
 ```
-(Replace X with the appropriate letter)
+(Replace X with the appropriate letter).  Follow prompts inside fdisk to create new blank partition.
 
 ### c. Formatting a partition:
 ```
@@ -109,7 +111,7 @@ LVM allows for more flexible disk management, including:
 - Creating snapshots
 
 ### c. RAID (Redundant Array of Independent Disks):
-Linux supports software RAID for improved performance and data redundancy.
+Linux supports software RAID for improved performance and data redundancy in hardware and software formats.
 
 ### d. Encrypting partitions:
 Use LUKS (Linux Unified Key Setup) for full-disk encryption.
@@ -127,10 +129,3 @@ d. Monitor disk health: Use tools like smartctl to check for potential drive fai
 e. Keep your system updated: Regular updates can improve disk management tools and fix bugs.
 
 f. Be cautious with root privileges: Disk management often requires root access, so be careful to avoid accidental data loss.
-
-
-- [(1) How to Install GParted on Linux Mint 21 - Linux Genie.](https://linuxgenie.net/how-to-install-gparted-on-linux-mint-21/.)
-- [(2) Linux Mint View & Manage System Partitions: A Comprehensive Guide.](https://bytebitebit.com/tips-tricks/linux-mint-view-manage-system-partitions/.)
-- [(3) Linux Mint View Manage System Partitions: A Comprehensive Guide.](https://www.positioniseverything.net/linux-mint-view-manage-system-partitions/.)
-- [(4) Mastering Linux Disk Management: LVM and Disk Partitioning.](https://www.linuxjournal.com/content/mastering-linux-disk-management-lvm-and-disk-partitioning.)
-- [(5) How to Use Fdisk to Manage Partitions on Linux - How-To Geek.](https://www.howtogeek.com/106873/how-to-use-fdisk-to-manage-partitions-on-linux/.)

08 - Advanced Linux Administration/Networking File System.md

@@ -1,39 +0,0 @@
-## Let's discuss **NTFS (New Technology File System)** and how to work with it in **Linux Mint**.
-
-1. **Mounting NTFS Partitions**:
-   - NTFS is the default file system for Windows systems, but we can also mount NTFS partitions in Linux to read and write data.
-   - To mount an NTFS partition, follow these steps:
-     - First, create a mount point using the `mkdir` command:
-       ``` 
-       sudo mkdir /mnt/ntfs
-       ```
-     - Next, use the `mount` command to mount the partition you want (e.g., `/dev/sdb2`):
-       ```
-       sudo mount -t ntfs-3g /dev/sdb2 /mnt/ntfs
-       ```
-     - To check if the partition is mounted, run:
-       ```
-       df -hT
-       ```
-     - Now you have read/write permissions for the NTFS partition you mounted¹².
-
-2. **Changing File Permissions on NTFS Partitions**:
-   - To apply Linux-compatible file permissions to an NTFS drive, modify the `/etc/fstab` file.
-   - Add the following line to `/etc/fstab`:
-     ```
-     /dev/sdb /mnt/ntfs ntfs uid=1000,gid=1000,dmask=022,fmask=133 0 0
-     ```
-     This line specifies that the `/dev/sdb` partition should be mounted as NTFS in the `/mnt/ntfs` directory.
-   - Remount the partition or reboot for the changes to take effect².
-
-Feel free to explore further or ask if you need additional assistance! 😊🚀
-
-Source: Conversation with Copilot, 7/12/2024
-- [(1) How to Mount NTFS Partition in Linux - phoenixNAP.](https://phoenixnap.com/kb/mount-ntfs-linux.)
-- [(2) Changing File Permissions on NTFS Partitions in Linux.](https://linuxconfig.org/changing-file-permissions-on-ntfs-partitions-in-linux.)
-- [(3) How to Mount and Access Windows NTFS Drives in Linux - MUO.](https://www.makeuseof.com/mount-ntfs-windows-drives-in-linux/.)
-- [(4) How to Mount an NTFS Partition - Linux Nightly.](https://linuxnightly.com/mount-ntfs-partition/.)
-- [(5) Linux mount ntfs or Access NTFS partition from Linux - nixCraft.](https://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/linux-mount-ntfs-or-access-ntfs-partition-from-linux/.)
-- [(6) How to mount NTFS partitions using Linux commands.](https://www.computerworld.com/article/1637061/how-to-mount-ntfs-partitions-using-linux-commands.html.)
-- [(7) NTFS Disk mounting in mint - Unix & Linux Stack Exchange.](https://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/358229/ntfs-disk-mounting-in-mint.)
-- [(8) How to Mount NFS in Linux: A Step-by-Step Guide - Byte Bite Bit.](https://bytebitebit.com/operating-system/linux/how-to-mount-nfs-in-linux/.)

08 - Advanced Linux Administration/RAID and LVM.md

@@ -143,11 +143,3 @@ This setup provides the redundancy of RAID 5 with the flexibility of LVM.
 - Display PV info: `sudo pvdisplay`
 - Display VG info: `sudo vgdisplay`
 - Display LV info: `sudo lvdisplay`
-
-Remember, LVM provides flexibility, scalability, and ease of maintenance, while RAID enhances performance and data protection! 😊🚀
-
-Source: Conversation with Copilot, 7/12/2024
-- [(1) Complete Beginner's Guide to LVM in Linux [With Hands-on].](https://linuxhandbook.com/lvm-guide/.)
-- [(2) Linux Storage Management: LVM and RAID.](https://linuxhall.org/linux-storage-management-lvm-and-raid/.)
-- [(3) raid - RAIDing with LVM vs MDRAID - Unix & Linux Stack Exchange.](https://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/150644/raiding-with-lvm-vs-mdraid-pros-and-cons.)
-- [(4) What is better LVM on RAID or RAID on LVM? - Server Fault.](https://serverfault.com/questions/217666/what-is-better-lvm-on-raid-or-raid-on-lvm.)

08 - Advanced Linux Administration/System Log Management (SystemD).md

@@ -7,129 +7,94 @@ journalctl is a command-line utility for querying and displaying logs from the s
 ## 2. Basic Usage
 
 ### To view all logs:
-```
+`journalctl`
-journalctl
-```
 
 ### To follow new log entries in real-time:
-```
+`journalctl -f`
-journalctl -f
-```
 
 ## 3. Filtering Logs
 
 ### By time:
-```
+`journalctl --since "2024-01-01 00:00:00"`
-journalctl --since "2024-01-01 00:00:00"
+
-journalctl --until "2024-01-31 23:59:59"
+`journalctl --until "2024-01-31 23:59:59"`
-journalctl --since "1 hour ago"
+
-```
+`journalctl --since "1 hour ago"`
+
 
 ### By service unit:
-```
+`journalctl -u nginx.service`
-journalctl -u nginx.service
+
-journalctl -u ssh.service
+`journalctl -u ssh.service`
-```
+
 
 ### By priority level:
-```
+`journalctl -p err`
-journalctl -p err
-```
 Priority levels: emerg, alert, crit, err, warning, notice, info, debug
 
 ### By kernel messages:
-```
+`journalctl -k`
-journalctl -k
-```
 
 ## 4. Output Formatting
 
 ### JSON output:
-```
+`journalctl -o json`
-journalctl -o json
-```
 
 ### Short output format:
-```
+`journalctl -o short`
-journalctl -o short
-```
 
 ### Verbose output:
-```
+`journalctl -o verbose`
-journalctl -o verbose
-```
 
 ## 5. Boot-specific Logs
 
 ### Current boot:
-```
+`journalctl -b`
-journalctl -b
-```
 
 ### Previous boot:
-```
+`journalctl -b -1`
-journalctl -b -1
-```
 
 ## 6. User-specific Logs
 
-```
+`journalctl _UID=1000`
-journalctl _UID=1000
-```
 
 ## 7. Disk Usage and Log Rotation
 
 ### View disk usage:
-```
+`journalctl --disk-usage`
-journalctl --disk-usage
-```
 
 ### Rotate logs:
-```
+`journalctl --rotate`
-journalctl --rotate
-```
 
 ### Vacuum old logs:
-```
+`journalctl --vacuum-time=1week`
-journalctl --vacuum-time=1week
+
-journalctl --vacuum-size=1G
+`journalctl --vacuum-size=1G`
-```
+
 
 ## 8. Remote Journal Access
 
 To access logs on a remote system:
-```
+`journalctl -D /path/to/journal/directory`
-journalctl -D /path/to/journal/directory
-```
 
 ## 9. Persistent Journal Storage
 
 ### Edit /etc/systemd/journald.conf:
-```
+`Storage=persistent`
-Storage=persistent
-```
 
 ### Restart journald:
-```
+`sudo systemctl restart systemd-journald`
-sudo systemctl restart systemd-journald
-```
 
 ## 10. Forwarding Logs to a Central Server
 
 ### Install rsyslog:
-```
+`sudo apt install rsyslog`
-sudo apt install rsyslog
-```
 
 ### Configure /etc/rsyslog.conf for forwarding:
-```
+`*.* @@central-log-server:514`
-*.* @@central-log-server:514
-```
 
 ### Restart rsyslog:
-```
+`sudo systemctl restart rsyslog`
-sudo systemctl restart rsyslog
-```
 
 ## 11. Security Considerations
 

08 - Advanced Linux Administration/User and Password Security

@@ -36,12 +36,3 @@
    - Regularly back up important files to an external location.
    - Use tools like **rsync**, **Deja Dup**, or cloud storage services¹.
 
-Remember, a combination of these practices helps maintain a secure Linux Mint environment. Feel free to explore further or ask if you need additional guidance! 😊🔒🚀
-
-Source: Conversation with Copilot, 7/12/2024
-- [(1) 10 practical tips for securing your Linux Mint system - FOSS Linux.](https://www.fosslinux.com/103872/secure-your-linux-mint-system.htm.)
-- [(2) How to reset a forgotten password for any user under Linux Mint 21 ....](https://www.thinkpenguin.com/gnu-linux/how-reset-forgotten-password-any-user-under-linux-mint-21.)
-- [(3) Linux Mint 20 [Essential Security Guide: Tools & Tweaks].](https://www.securitybind.com/secure-linux-mint/.)
-- [(4) How to Configure Linux Mint Login Window: A Step-by-Step Guide.](https://bytebitebit.com/tips-tricks/how-to-configure-linux-mint-login-window/.)
-- [(5) Changes to password policies – The Linux Mint Blog.](https://blog.linuxmint.com/?p=3013.)
-- [(6) en.wikipedia.org.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_Mint.)