Merge pull request #5 from SCAR-iT-COLO/1-sanitize-chapter-1

Removed hyperlinks from Chapter 1

01 - Introduction to Linux/Basic Linux Commands.md

@@ -5,49 +5,47 @@
 
 ### a) pwd (Print Working Directory)
    - Shows the current directory path
-   - Usage: pwd
+   - Usage: `pwd`
 
 ### b) ls (List)
    - Lists files and directories in the current directory
-   - Common options:
+   - Usage: `ls` [options] [directory]
+#### Common options:
    - l: Long format with details
    - a: Show hidden files
    - h: Human-readable file sizes
-   - Usage: ls [options] [directory]
 
 ### c) cd (Change Directory)
    - Changes the current directory
    - Usage: 
-     cd [directory]
+   -  `cd [directory]`
-     cd .. (move up one directory)
-     cd ~ (go to home directory)
 
 ### d) mkdir (Make Directory)
    - Creates a new directory
-   - Usage: mkdir [directory_name]
+   - Usage: `mkdir [directory_name]`
 
 ### e) rmdir (Remove Directory)
    - Removes an empty directory
-   - Usage: rmdir [directory_name]
+   - Usage: `rmdir [directory_name]`
 
 ### f) touch
    - Creates an empty file or updates timestamps
-   - Usage: touch [filename]
+   - Usage: `touch [filename]`
 
 ### g) cp (Copy)
    - Copies files or directories
-   - Usage: cp [source] [destination]
+   - Usage: `cp [source] [destination]`
-   - Options:
+#### Common Options:
      -r: Recursive (for directories)
 
 ### h) mv (Move)
    - Moves or renames files and directories
-   - Usage: mv [source] [destination]
+   - Usage: `mv [source] [destination]`
 
 ### i) rm (Remove)
    - Deletes files or directories
-   - Usage: rm [options] [file/directory]
+   - Usage: `rm [options] [file/directory]`
-   - Options:
+#### Options:
      -r: Recursive (for directories)
      -f: Force deletion without prompting
 
@@ -55,58 +53,57 @@
 
 ### a) cat (Concatenate)
    - Displays file contents
-   - Usage: cat [filename]
+   - Usage: `cat [filename]`
 
 ### b) less
    - Views file contents page by page
-   - Usage: less [filename]
+   - Usage: `less [filename]`
 
 ### c) head
    - Displays the first few lines of a file
-   - Usage: head [options] [filename]
+   - Usage: `head [options] [filename]`
-   - Options:
+#### Common Options:
      -n [number]: Specify number of lines
 
 ### d) tail
    - Displays the last few lines of a file
-   - Usage: tail [options] [filename]
+   - Usage: `tail [options] [filename]`
-   - Options:
+#### Common Options:
      -n [number]: Specify number of lines
      -f: Follow file updates in real-time
 
 ### e) nano
    - Simple text editor
-   - Usage: nano [filename]
+   - Usage: `nano [filename]`
 
 ## 3. File Permissions and Ownership:
 
 ### a) chmod (Change Mode)
    - Modifies file permissions
-   - Usage: chmod [options] [mode] [file/directory]
+   - Usage: `chmod [options] [mode] [file/directory]`
-   - Example: chmod 755 file.txt
    
 ### b) chown (Change Owner)
    - Changes file ownership
-   - Usage: chown [user]:[group] [file/directory]
+   - Usage: `chown [user]:[group] [file/directory]`
 
 ## 4. System Information:
 
 ### a) uname
    - Displays system information
-   - Usage: uname [options]
+   - Usage: `uname [options]`
-   - Options:
+#### Common Options:
      -a: All information
 
 ### b) df (Disk Free)
    - Shows disk space usage
    - Usage: df [options]
-   - Options:
+#### Common Options:
      -h: Human-readable sizes
 
 ### c) du (Disk Usage)
    - Estimates file and directory space usage
-   - Usage: du [options] [directory]
+   - Usage: `du [options] [directory]`
-   - Options:
+#### Common Options:
      -h: Human-readable sizes
      -s: Summary for directory
 
@@ -114,69 +111,70 @@
 
 ### a) ps (Process Status)
    - Lists running processes
-   - Usage: ps [options]
+   - Usage: `ps [options]`
-   - Common options:
+#### Common options:
-     aux: Detailed information for all processes
+     -aux: Detailed information for all processes
 
 ### b) top
    - Displays real-time system process information
-   - Usage: top
+   - Usage: `top -u [user]`
+#### Common Options:
+     -u: active apps for specified user
 
 ### c) kill
    - Terminates processes
-   - Usage: kill [options] [PID]
+   - Usage: `kill [options] [PID]`
-   - Options:
+#### Common Options:
      -9: Force kill
 
 ## 6. Network Commands:
 
 ### a) ping
    - Tests network connectivity
-   - Usage: ping [options] [destination]
+   - Usage: `ping [options] [destination]`
 
 ### b) ifconfig
    - Displays network interface information
-   - Usage: ifconfig
+   - Usage: `ifconfig`
 
 ### c) ssh (Secure Shell)
    - Connects to remote systems securely
-   - Usage: ssh [user]@[host]
+   - Usage: `ssh [user]@[host]`
+#### Common Options:
+     -p: Specify a port
 
 ## 7. Package Management (for Debian-based systems):
 
 ### a) apt-get update
    - Updates package lists
-   - Usage: sudo apt-get update
+   - Usage: `sudo apt-get update`
 
 ### b) apt-get upgrade
    - Upgrades installed packages
-   - Usage: sudo apt-get upgrade
+   - Usage: `sudo apt-get upgrade`
 
 ### c) apt-get install
    - Installs new packages
-   - Usage: sudo apt-get install [package_name]
+   - Usage: `sudo apt-get install [package_name]`
 
 ## 8. File Compression:
 
 ### a) tar
    - Archives files
-   - Usage: tar [options] [archive_name] [files/directories]
+   - Usage: `tar [options] [archive_name] [files/directories]`
-   - Common options:
+   - Usage: `tar -cvf archive.tar files/` "compress files from 'files' directory into archive.tar"
+#### Common options:
      -c: Create archive
      -x: Extract archive
      -v: Verbose
      -f: Specify archive file
-   - Example: tar -cvf archive.tar files/
+     -t: List the contents inside the tar file
+     -z: Gzip the file after tar'ing it. "Double compressed"
 
 ### b) gzip
    - Compresses files
-   - Usage: gzip [filename]
+   - Usage: `gzip [filename]`
 
 ### c) gunzip
    - Decompresses gzip files
-   - Usage: gunzip [filename.gz]
+   - Usage: `gunzip [filename.gz]`
-
-- [(1) The beginner’s guide to using terminal on Linux Mint - FOSS Linux.](https://www.fosslinux.com/103546/the-beginners-guide-to-using-terminal-on-linux-mint.htm.)
-- [(2) Official User Guide - Linux Mint.](https://www.linuxmint.com/documentation/user-guide/Cinnamon/english_18.0.pdf.)
-- [(3) BEGINNER'S GUIDE FOR LINUX - Start Learning Linux in Minutes - Tecmint.](https://www.tecmint.com/free-online-linux-learning-guide-for-beginners/.)
-- [(4) Useful Basic Terminal Commands On Linux Mint 11 - HowtoForge.](https://www.howtoforge.com/useful-basic-terminal-commands-on-linux-mint-11.)

01 - Introduction to Linux/Different Distros.md

@@ -38,6 +38,11 @@ These are designed for personal computers and laptops, focusing on user-friendli
 - Offers multiple desktop environments
 - Hardware detection and driver installation out of the box
 
+### f) Pop-OS
+- Based off Ubuntu
+- User-friendly gamer oriented Distrobution
+- Works well with NVIDIA cards OOTB "Out Of The Box"
+
 ## 2. Server-Oriented Distributions:
 These focus on stability, security, and performance for server environments.
 
@@ -46,16 +51,12 @@ These focus on stability, security, and performance for server environments.
 - Known for stability and long-term support
 - Widely used in corporate environments
 
-### b) CentOS:
+### b) Debian:
-- Free, community-supported version of RHEL
-- Recently shifted to CentOS Stream, which is upstream of RHEL
-
-### c) Debian:
 - Known for its stability and large software repositories
 - Forms the base for many other distributions
 - Strict adherence to free software principles
 
-### d) Ubuntu Server:
+### c) Ubuntu Server:
 - Server version of Ubuntu
 - Popular for cloud deployments and container hosts
 - Regular releases and long-term support options
@@ -106,6 +107,7 @@ Designed for specific use cases or hardware.
 - Comes with audio, video, and graphics software pre-installed
 
 ## c) SteamOS:
+- ONLY AVAILABE on SteamDeck
 - Developed by Valve for gaming
 - Based on Debian, optimized for Steam and gaming performance
 

01 - Introduction to Linux/History of Linux.md

@@ -1,15 +1,9 @@
 # Linux has a fascinating history that dates back to the early 1990s.
 
-1. **Origins**: Linux began as a personal project by Linus Torvalds, a Finnish student, in 1991. He aimed to create a free operating system kernel¹².
+1. **Origins**: Linux began as a personal project by Linus Torvalds, a Finnish student, in 1991. He aimed to create a free operating system kernel¹.
-2. **Unix Influence**: The development of Linux was heavily influenced by Unix, an operating system created by Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie at AT&T Bell Labs in 1969¹².
+2. **Unix Influence**: The development of Linux was heavily influenced by Unix, an operating system created by Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie at AT&T Bell Labs in 1969¹.
-3. **GNU Project**: In 1983, Richard Stallman started the GNU Project to create a free Unix-like operating system. Although the GNU kernel (Hurd) was incomplete, the project provided many essential tools for Linux¹².
+3. **GNU Project**: In 1983, Richard Stallman started the GNU Project to create a free Unix-like operating system. Although the GNU kernel (Hurd) was incomplete, the project provided many essential tools for Linux¹.
-4. **Release of Linux**: Linus Torvalds released the first version of the Linux kernel on September 17, 1991. It quickly gained popularity among developers and the open-source community¹².
+4. **Release of Linux**: Linus Torvalds released the first version of the Linux kernel on September 17, 1991. It quickly gained popularity among developers and the open-source community¹.
-5. **Growth and Development**: Over the years, Linux has grown significantly, with contributions from developers worldwide. It has become the foundation for many operating systems, including popular distributions like Ubuntu, Fedora, and Debian¹².
+5. **Growth and Development**: Over the years, Linux has grown significantly, with contributions from developers worldwide. It has become the foundation for many operating systems, including popular distributions like Ubuntu, Fedora, and Debian¹.
-
-- [Wikipedia: History of Linux](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Linux)¹
-- [LinuxSimply: History of Linux](https://linuxsimply.com/linux-basics/introduction/history-of-linux/)²
 
 - [(1) History of Linux - Wikipedia.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Linux.)
-- [(2) History of Linux [A Complete Overview] - LinuxSimply.](https://linuxsimply.com/linux-basics/introduction/history-of-linux/.)
-= [(3) History of Linux - GeeksforGeeks.](https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/linux-history/.)
-- [(4) The Complete History of Linux: Everything You Need to Know.](https://www.historytools.org/companies/the-complete-history-of-linux-everything-you-need-to-know.)

01 - Introduction to Linux/Installing and Configuring Linux Mint.md

@@ -1,7 +1,9 @@
 # Installing Linux Mint
 
 ## **Step 1: Download Linux Mint**
-- Go to the official Linux Mint website (https://www.linuxmint.com/) and download the latest version of Linux Mint for your system (e.g., 64-bit or 32-bit).
+- Go to the official Linux [Mint website](https://www.linuxmint.com/download.php) and download the latest version of Linux Mint for your system.
+- If you bought your PC in the past decade - use 64-bit!
+- Cinnamon is recommended for new users.
 - The download will be an ISO file, which is an image of the Linux Mint operating system.
 
 ## **Step 2: Create a Bootable USB or DVD**

01 - Introduction to Linux/Linux Command Line Interface (CLI).md

@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@
 
 ## 10. Piping and Redirection
    - | (pipe operator)
-    - > and >> (output redirection)
+   - \> and >> (output redirection)
    - < (input redirection)
 
 ## 11. Shell Scripting Basics
@@ -77,11 +77,6 @@
    - dmesg (display kernel messages)
    - lsof (list open files)
 
-4. **Superuser Powers**:
+# **Superuser Powers**:
    - Some tasks require administrator privileges. To execute commands as the superuser (root), prefix them with `sudo`.
-   - Be cautious with superuser access—it's powerful!
+   - Be cautious with superuser access—it's powerful and WILL break your machine if used improperly!!!
-
-
-- [(1) The Linux command line for beginners | Ubuntu.](https://ubuntu.com/tutorials/command-line-for-beginners.)
-- [(2) What is Terminal in Linux? The Ultimate Guide LinuxSimply.](https://linuxsimply.com/what-is-terminal-in-linux/.)
-- [(3) Ubuntu Terminal Beginner's Guide to Command Line Interface - FOSS Linux.](https://www.fosslinux.com/101137/the-ubuntu-terminal-getting-started-with-the-command-line-interface.htm.)

01 - Introduction to Linux/Linux Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (LFHS).md

@@ -1,3 +1,79 @@
 # Linux Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (LFHS)
 
+The Linux Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS) defines the directory structure and directory contents in Linux and other Unix-like operating systems. It is maintained by the Linux Foundation and provides consistency across distributions. Let's explore the main directories and their purposes:
+
+## 1. / (Root Directory)
+The root directory is the top-level directory of the filesystem. All other directories are subdirectories of the root.
+
+## 2. /bin (Essential User Binaries)
+Contains essential command binaries that need to be available in single-user mode. Examples include ls, cp, and pwd.
+
+## 3. /boot (Boot Loader Files)
+Contains files needed for the boot process, including the kernel, initrd, and boot loader configuration.
+
+## 4. /dev (Device Files)
+Contains device files, which are interfaces for device drivers. Examples include /dev/sda for the first SATA drive and /dev/tty for terminals.
+
+## 5. /etc (Configuration Files)
+Stores system-wide configuration files and scripts. Examples include /etc/passwd for user information and /etc/fstab for filesystem information.
+
+## 6. /home (User Home Directories)
+Contains home directories for regular users. Each user typically has a subdirectory here, like /home/username.
+
+## 7. /lib (Essential Shared Libraries)
+Holds library files needed by the binaries in /bin and /sbin.
+
+## 8. /media (Removable Media)
+Mount point for removable media such as USB drives and CD-ROMs.
+
+## 9. /mnt (Temporary Mount Points)
+Used for temporarily mounted filesystems.
+
+## 10. /opt (Optional Software)
+Reserved for the installation of add-on application software packages.
+
+## 11. /proc (Process Information)
+A virtual filesystem providing process and kernel information as files.
+
+## 12. /root (Root User Home Directory)
+Home directory for the root user.
+
+## 13. /run (Run-time Variable Data)
+Contains variable data files describing the system since the last boot.
+
+## 14. /sbin (System Binaries)
+Similar to /bin, but contains binaries essential for system administration, usually to be run by root.
+
+## 15. /srv (Service Data)
+Contains data for services provided by the system.
+
+## 16. /sys (System Information)
+A virtual filesystem providing a standardized interface to kernel objects.
+
+## 17. /tmp (Temporary Files)
+Directory for temporary files. Often cleared on reboot.
+
+## 18. /usr (User Programs)
+Contains the majority of user utilities and applications. It has several subdirectories:
+   - /usr/bin: Non-essential command binaries
+   - /usr/lib: Libraries for /usr/bin and /usr/sbin
+   - /usr/local: Local hierarchy for system administrators
+   - /usr/sbin: Non-essential system binaries
+   - /usr/share: Architecture-independent data
+
+## 19. /var (Variable Files)
+Contains variable data files, including logs (/var/log), temporary email files (/var/mail), and spooled files (/var/spool).
+
+## 20. Key Principles of FHS:
+- 1. Separation of core system files from user files
+- 2. Consistency across distributions
+- 3. Backward compatibility
+- 4. Flexibility for system administrators
+
+## 21. Benefits of FHS:
+- 1. Easier system administration
+- 2. Improved security through proper file organization
+- 3. Compatibility across different Linux distributions
+- 4. Easier software development and deployment
+
 [LFHS](https://refspecs.linuxfoundation.org/FHS_3.0/fhs/index.html)