89 lines
2.2 KiB
Markdown
89 lines
2.2 KiB
Markdown
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# Linux System Recovery
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## 1. Assess the Problem
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First, determine the nature of the issue:
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- Boot failure
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- File system corruption
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- Broken package dependencies
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- Kernel panic
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- Forgotten root password
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## 2. Boot into Recovery Mode
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Most Linux distributions offer a recovery mode:
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- Restart your system
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- Press and hold Shift (for GRUB2) during boot
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- Select "Advanced options" then "Recovery mode"
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## 3. Check File System Integrity
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Use fsck (file system check) utility:
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```
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fsck /dev/sdXY
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```
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Replace X with the drive letter and Y with the partition number.
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## 4. Mount File Systems
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If necessary, remount the root file system as read-write:
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```
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mount -o remount,rw /
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```
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## 5. Network Connectivity
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Enable networking for package management:
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```
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dhclient -v
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```
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## 6. Package Management Recovery
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Fix broken dependencies:
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```
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apt --fix-broken install # For Debian-based systems
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dnf distro-sync # For Fedora-based systems
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```
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## 7. Kernel Issues
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Boot into an older kernel version from GRUB menu. If successful, investigate the issue with the newer kernel.
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## 8. Reset Root Password
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If you've forgotten the root password:
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```
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passwd root
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```
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## 9. Recover GRUB
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If GRUB is corrupted:
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- a. Boot from a live USB
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- b. Mount your root partition
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- c. Chroot into it
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- d. Reinstall GRUB:
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```
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grub-install /dev/sdX
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update-grub
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```
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## 10. Repair Corrupted Files
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Use tools like `dd` or `ddrescue` to recover data from failing drives.
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## 11. Log Analysis
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Check system logs for clues:
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```
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journalctl -xb # For systemd-based systems
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less /var/log/syslog # For traditional syslog systems
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```
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## 12. Backup and Restore
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Always maintain backups. Use tools like `rsync` or `tar` for backing up, and restore when needed.
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## 13. Rescue Disk
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Keep a rescue disk (like SystemRescue) handy for severe cases.
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## 14. Data Recovery
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For deleted files, use tools like `testdisk` or `photorec`.
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## 15. Safe Mode and Single-User Mode
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Boot into these modes for minimal system access to perform repairs.
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## 16. Reinstallation
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As a last resort, reinstall the system while preserving /home if possible.
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Remember: Always approach system recovery cautiously. If you're unsure, consult documentation or seek help from the Linux community.
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